SQL Programming

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language used for managing and manipulating relational databases. It provides a standardized way to interact with databases, allowing users to store, retrieve, update, and delete data.

    1. Introduction to SQL

      • Overview of SQL and its importance in database management
      • Different database management systems (DBMS) that support SQL

    2. Relational Databases

      • Understanding the concept of a relational database
      • Tables, rows, and columns
      • Primary keys and foreign keys
      • Relationships between tables (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many)

    3. SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)

      • SELECT statement: Retrieving data from tables
      • Filtering data using WHERE clause
      • Sorting data using ORDER BY clause
      • Joining tables using INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN
      • Aggregating data with GROUP BY clause
      • Filtering grouped data with HAVING clause
      • Modifying data using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements

    4. SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)

      • Creating databases and tables
      • Modifying table structure using ALTER TABLE
      • Adding, modifying, and deleting table constraints (primary key, foreign key, unique, etc.)
      • Creating and managing views

    5. SQL Functions and Expressions

      • Scalar functions: mathematical, string, date and time functions
      • Aggregate functions: SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX
      • Conditional expressions: CASE statement
      • Working with NULL values

    6. SQL Subqueries

      • Understanding subqueries and their types
      • Subqueries in SELECT, FROM, WHERE, and HAVING clauses
      • Correlated subqueries
      • Subqueries with EXISTS and IN operators

    7. SQL Joins and Advanced Queries

      • Self-joins
      • Non-equi joins
      • Subquery joins
      • Unions and UNION ALL
      • INTERSECT and EXCEPT

    8. SQL Indexes and Performance Optimization

      • Indexes: types and their impact on query performance
      • Query optimization techniques
      • Analyzing query execution plans

    9. SQL Transactions and Concurrency Control

      • Understanding transactions and their properties (ACID)
      • Managing transactions using COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT
      • Isolation levels and concurrency control

    10. SQL Views and Stored Procedures

      • Creating and using views
      • Stored procedures: creating, executing, and managing
      • Parameters and variables in stored procedures

    11. SQL Security and User Management

      • User accounts and privileges
      • Granting and revoking privileges
      • ParamManaging user access and roles